继发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(Secondary central nervous system lymphoma, SCNSL)是一种少见且致命的并发症,其特点是全身性复发或进展时累及中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS),或在全身缓解的情况下CNS单独发病[1-2]。相较于原发中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(Primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL) ,SCNSL更常见。长期的回顾性研究显示5-10%的淋巴瘤会累及CNS。总体上,高级别淋巴瘤比低级别淋巴瘤更易扩散至CNS。SCNSL病情进展迅速,通常6个月内死亡。
SCNSL中最常见淋巴瘤为弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤(Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, DLBCL)。包括孤立性CNS累及和全身性CNS累及。DLBCL累及CNS的发生率为2.2%-5%,孤立性CNS累及率为1.6%。CNS最常见的受累部位是脑膜(33-100%),高于脑实质(10-56%)。中位生存时间仅2-6个月。对未接受CNS预防治疗的605名新诊断DLBCL患者的研究数据显示,诊断后1年继发性CNS累及的比率为4.5%[3]。Nazir等回顾性分析了2006-2014年间21例DLBCL伴CNS累及病例[4],其中14名(66.3%)男性和7名(33.7%)女性。初诊为DLBCL时的中位年龄为37.4岁(27-47岁)。Ann Arbor期I-IV期3例(14.3%),2例(9.5%),4例(19%),12例(57.1%)。结外受累16例(76.2%),18例(85.7%)LDH高,8例(38.1%)骨髓累及,5例(23.8%)肿块巨大。国际预后指数(IPI)评分为1/4(19%),2/9(42.9%),3/8(38.1%)。结外有2例(9.1%)累及内脏,1例(4.5%)累及宫颈、臀肌、髂骨、肝脏、卵巢、胰腺、腮腺和睾丸等器官。16例(76.2%)患者接受CHOP方案化疗,5例(23.8%)患者接受R-CHOP方案化疗。预防性鞘内注射甲氨蝶呤有10例(47.6%)患者。其中10例(47.6%)完全缓解,3例(14.3%)部分缓解,8例(38.1%)患者进展。17例(81%)患者完成化疗后后6个月内CNS累及。全身性CNS累及14例(66.6%),孤立性CNS累及7例(33.3%)。CNS累及患者的中位总生存期仅为54天。外周T细胞淋巴瘤(peripheral T cell lymphoma, PTCL)的CNS累及风险为2-6.3%[5-8]。预后很差,中位总生存时间为1-7个月。系统性T细胞淋巴瘤通常累及CNS软脑膜,并引起相应症状。2010年MD安德森癌症中心报道了一组1996-2009年间诊断的250例PTCL患者,仅6例(2.4%)累及CNS,其中2例为成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤(adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, ATLL)[9]。之后Dai Chihara等回顾性分析了在1999-2014年诊断的600例PTCL病例,以确定PTCL累及CNS的危险因素和生存结局的组织学类型。包括174例PTCL-NOS、144例血管免疫母性T细胞淋巴瘤(angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma, AITL)、74例ALK+间变性大细胞淋巴瘤(anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, ALCL)、103例ALK-ALCL、54例结外NK细胞淋巴瘤(extranodal NK cell lymphoma,ENKL)及51例包括ATLL的其他T细胞淋巴瘤[7]。中位随访时间位为57个月,13例(2.2%)患者(4例PTCL-NOS,1例AITL,4例ALK+ALCL,2例ALK-ALCL,2例ENKL)累及CNS,1年和5年CNS累及的发生率分别为1.5%和2.1%。CNS累及的5年累积发生率PTCL-NOS为1.8%,AITL为0.7%,ALK+ALCL为5.4%,ALK-ALCL为2.1%,ENKL为3.7%。结外浸润>1位点是与CNS累及相关的唯一显著因素(p=0.005)。结外侵犯>1的ALK+ALCL患者(N=19)有很高的CNS累及风险,一年累计发病率为17%,均发生在诊断后6个月内。所有CNS累及患者最终死亡(中位生存时间1.5个月;范围0.1-10.1个月)。PTCL患者累及CNS是罕见的事件,但风险因亚型而异。结外>1受损伤的ALK+ALCL患者早期CNS累及的风险非常高,因此在诊断时评估CNS是否受累,并可能考虑以CNS为指导的预防。Ellin等对瑞典复发/难治性PTCL累及CNS风险的研究显示[8],4.5%的患者(28/625)出现CNS累及的中位时间为4.3个月(范围1.1-30个月)。2年CNS累及发生率为5.5%,根据Kaplan-Meier曲线可看出其发病率在诊断后30个月趋于平稳。
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