引
言
颈内动脉冗长症(Dolichoarteriopathy of the internal carotid artery),也称为颈内动脉延长(elongation),或者就通俗地称为颈内动脉迂曲(tortuosity)。这些名词应用比较混乱。颈内动脉冗长症是临床上经常会遇到的情况,与脑缺血和颈动脉夹层的形成有关,还阻碍神经介入医生进行颈部和颅内病变的介入操作。
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一、定义
正常的颈内动脉颈段,起自甲状软骨上缘水平的颈内动脉分叉,向上走行至颈动脉管外口,延续为颈内动脉岩段。在走行中,大多数都很平直。但因为某些原因,有时候也会走行变得迂曲,甚至有的有明显返折。这些情况可以统称为颈内动脉冗长症。
二、分类
三、分级
Metz等(Metz 1961)于1961年,根据严重程度将折曲分为三种不同级别:
四、形成机制
(一)胚胎发育的因素
动脉粥样硬化据认为是颈内动脉冗长症的重要形成因素,其他如脑动静脉畸形时颈内动脉血流增加等也认为也可能有关。
五、临床表现
(一)脑缺血
(二)咽部肿块
六、治疗
如果是靠近颈总动脉分叉处的冗长症,可以采取颈动脉切断重建术。具体手术方式可以参考中国学者Yu等的综述文章(Yu 2017)。对于合并颈动脉夹层的冗长症,也有采取血管内支架重建的治疗方式的报道。
八、参考文献
Benson, J. C., Brinjikji, W., Messina, S. A., Lanzino, G., & Kallmes, D. F. (2020). Cervical internal carotid artery tortuosity: A morphologic analysis of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Interv Neuroradiol, 26(2), 216-221.
Bradac, G. (2011). Cerebral Angiography Normal Anatomy and Vascular Pathlogy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Genc, S., Acar, B., & Genc, M. G. (2010). Tortuous internal carotid artery. J Craniofac Surg, 21(6), 2033-2034.
Hans, S. S. (2018). Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. Berlin: Springer.
Heckmann, J. G., Marthol, H., Bickel, A., Dorfler, A., & Neundorfer, B. (2005). Hemilingual spasm associated with tortuosity of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Cerebrovasc Dis, 20(3), 208-210.
Iwasaki, S., Fujishiro, Y., & Abbey, K. (2002). Glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with aberrant internal carotid artery in the oropharynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 111(2), 193-195.
Metz, H., Murray-Leslie, R. M., Bannister, R. G., Bull, J. W., & Marshall, J. (1961). Kinking of the internal carotid artery. Lancet, 1(7174), 424-426.
Ozgur, Z., Celik, S., Govsa, F., Aktug, H., & Ozgur, T. (2007). A study of the course of the internal carotid artery in the parapharyngeal space and its clinical importance. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 264(12), 1483-1489.
Paulsen, F., Tillmann, B., Christofides, C., Richter, W., & Koebke, J. (2000). Curving and looping of the internal carotid artery in relation to the pharynx: frequency, embryology and clinical implications. J Anat, 197 Pt 3, 373-381.
Standring, S. (2016). Gray’s Anatomy (41th ed.): Elsevier.
Weibel, J., & Fields, W. S. (1965). Tortuosity, coiling, and kinking of the internal carotid artery. II. relationship of morphological variation to cerebrovascular insufficiency. Neurology, 15, 462-468.
Yu, J., Qu, L., Xu, B., Wang, S., Li, C., Xu, X., & Yang, Y. (2017). Current Understanding of Dolichoarteriopathies of the Internal Carotid Artery: A Review. Int J Med Sci, 14(8), 772-784.
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